In its simplest form, the PostHog ingestion pipeline is a collection of services which listen for events as they are sent in, process them, and then store them for later analysis. This document gives an overview of how data ingestion works, as well as some of the caveats to be aware of when sending events to PostHog.
Why am I seeing duplicate events?
We recommend sending a uuid value with every captured event. Events with the same UUID, event name, timestamp, and distinct_id are considered duplicates and are eventually de-duplicated.
This is important because failures and retries happen, so your application or our library might send the same event multiple times. If you don't send UUIDs for every event, we aren't able to know if it's the same event, and hence we are not able to de-duplicate it for you.
Some of our SDKs, such as JavaScript Web, do this automatically, other SDKs allow you to pass UUIDs. If you're using an SDK which doesn't currently support UUIDs for every event, please consider creating a PR or filing an issue in GitHub.
Capture API
The Capture API represents the user-facing side of the ingestion pipeline, and is exposed as a number of API routes where events can be sent. Before an event reaches the Ingestion pipeline, there are a couple of preliminary checks and actions that we perform so that we can return a response immediately to the client.
These consist of:
- Validating API keys
- Anonymizing IPs according to project settings
- Decompressing and normalizing the shape of event data for the rest of the system
- Sending processed data to
events_plugin_ingestionorevents_plugin_ingestion_overflowKafka topic
The goal of this step is to be as simple as possible, so that we can reliably get events into the ingestion pipeline, where Kafka can persist them until they are able to be processed. Events are written to the Kafka topics, which are then consumed by the plugin-server.
Plugin server
Within the plugin server events go through a number of different steps here is an overview:
In the sections below we will dive deeper into each step:
If you would like to dive even deeper the related source code can be found here.
1. Apps - processEvent
After the event buffer, we start the first of a few steps that augment or transform our raw event before it gets written into ClickHouse.
This first step runs any workloads that come from Apps that you have installed and who have exported a processEvent function.
This is the only chance for apps to transform or exclude an event before it is written into ClickHouse.
An example of an app that uses the processEvent hook is the GeoIP Enricher. This app uses the $ip property to retrieve and add geographic information to each event as they are ingested.
2. Person processing
The next step in the ingestion pipeline is processing the Person who sent the event, which is determined by the distinct_id field.
A number of different actions can happen here depending both on if we've seen this distinct_id before, as well as which type of event is being sent.
This is one of the most complex steps in the entire pipeline, so to help make things easier we'll break down this step into a number of smaller sections:
- Associate the event with a person
$identifyevents$create_aliasand$merge_dangerouslyevents- All other events
- Update person properties
Note that in case there were any changes to persons we will update the persons info in ClickHouse too.
1. Associate the event with a person
Based on which type of event is currently being processed, we perform a number of different steps.
2.1.1 - $identify events
In the case of an $identify event, the first step is to use the $distinct_id and $anon_distinct_id fields that are sent with the event to determine what actions we will need to take.
$anon_distinct_id- The UUID associated with the client device that sent the event (Only included for events sent from client-side libraries)$distinct_id- The distinct identifier for whichever user sent the event (Email, UUID, etc.). This can be set by the sender or is defaulted to$anon_distinct_idif it is not set
To determine what to do at this stage, we need to make a call to PostgreSQL to determine which scenario we are in:
1. Neither $anon_distinct_id nor $distinct_id have been associated with a Person | Create a new Person and add a mapping in PostgreSQL to associate this $distinct_id with the new person_id |
2. Only one of $anon_distinct_id and $distinct_id have been associated with a Person | Create a new mapping to associate the $distinct_id and $anon_distinct_id with the already existing person_id |
3. Both $anon_distinct_id and $distinct_id have been associated with a Person | We will merge these two people and associate all future events with the person_id that was associated with the $distinct_id |
Note: In the case the
$anon_distinct_idis missing (e.g. events from backend libraries), we will treat this event like all other events.
Merging two Persons
In the third scenario, where we have inadvertently created two Persons for the same user, we will need to merge them. Note that PostHog has a few built-in protections, in which case the merge will not be aborted. (more info).
In the case of an $identify call, we will merge the person tied to $anon_distinct_id (person_2) into the person identified by distinct_id (person_1).
This means that we'll associate $anon_distinct_id with person_1, delete person_2 and all future events for $anon_distinct_id will be associated with person_1.
If there are any conflicts when merging Person properties for these two persons, the values from the non-anonymous person (person_1) will take precedence.
We choose to prioritize the properties of the non-anonymous person (person_1), as it is far more likely that this person will have a history of previous events associated with the user that we want to preserve.
For more information on exactly how the merging of properties is done, check out this overview of user properties.
2.1.2 - $create_alias and $merge_dangerously events
The process of handling $create_alias events is almost identical to the process for $identify events, except that instead of merging $anon_distinct_id into $distinct_id, we allow you to pass in two arbitrary $distinct_id's you would like to combine and merge the second one (alias) into distinct_id.
3.1.3 - All other events
For all other types of events, the process is much more straightforward.
If we have determined that this is a new $distinct_id, then we will create a new Person within PostgreSQL and associate them with this $distinct_id. Otherwise, we will retrieve the person associated with this $distinct_id.
3.2. Update person properties
Now, once we have finished determining the Person who is associated with the event we are processing, we can finish by updating their properties within PostgreSQL.
This step takes into account any $set, $set_once or $unset arguments provided on the event, and merges these with any existing values for the Person.
For more information on exactly how this updating is done, check out this overview of user properties.
3. Event processing
Finally, now that we have our event and person all ready, we perform a few last processing steps before we write the event to ClickHouse. This is our last chance to change anything about the event, which can include:
- Adding group properties if the event has been assigned to a Group
- Anonymizing IPs, if needed
4. Writing to ClickHouse
We combine the fully-processed event and the person from Step 2 and send it to a separate Kafka topic that ClickHouse will consume from and then write to the events table.
For more information on exactly how data is stored in ClickHouse, check out this reference
5. Apps - onEvent
The final step in the ingestion pipeline is calling the onEvent handler from any apps that we have enabled. This includes all of our export apps as well as some of our alerting/monitoring apps.
It's worth noting that since this event has already been written to ClickHouse, it is effectively immutable at this point as we do not allow apps to directly update events. Any apps that need to transform events should use the processEvent handler.